Bitrate control algorithm for video transcoding systems

ABSTRACT

A video transcoding system and method employing an improved rate control algorithm. A plurality of frames in an input video bitstream are received by the system, in which each frame is in a first coding format. Each frame in the input bitstream is decoded, and complexity information indicating the complexity of the frame after decoding is obtained. An estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame is calculated. Using a rate estimation model that employs the complexity information for the respective frame, a picture cost for the frame is calculated based on the estimated number of bits allocated to encode the frame, and a parameter of the rate estimation model. A target cost for the respective frame is calculated based at least in part on the picture cost and the complexity information for the frame. A quantization parameter (QP) is calculated that, when used to encode the respective frame in a second coding format, would generate an encoded frame having an actual cost approximately equal to the target cost. The respective frame is encoded using the calculated QP, and the frames encoded in the second coding format are provided in an output video bitstream.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates generally to transcoding systems fortranscoding a signal stream compressed according to a specified codingformat into another signal stream compressed according to a differentspecified coding format, and more specifically to transcoding systemsfor transcoding digital video streams compressed according to codingformats such as H.263, H.264, and MPEG-4.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One of the most significant developments to take place in communicationstechnology has been the increasing availability of multimedia servicesthat combine and coordinate video with voice and text applications. Animportant aspect in delivering multimedia services over communicationsnetworks is the translation or “transcoding” of media streams such asaudio and/or video into formats supported not only by the networks thatcarry the media streams, but also the endpoint devices that receive themedia streams, such as traditional personal computers (PCs), mobile PCs,personal digital assistants (PDAs), video-enabled mobile phones, mobiletelevisions (TVs), third generation (3G) phone sets, or any othersuitable multimedia systems or devices.

Rate control is a vital function in video transcoding systems due to itsimpact on video quality. A conventional video transcoding systemtypically includes a buffer that receives an input video streamcompressed according to a first coding format, a video decoder thatdecodes the input stream in the first coding format, and a video encoderthat encodes the decoded stream according to a second coding format,thereby producing an output video stream in the second coding format.Although video encoders typically encode video as a variable bitratestream, many multimedia applications and networks require a constantbitrate stream to assure good quality video. For this reason, ratecontrol algorithms have traditionally been implemented within such videotranscoding systems to control the bitrate of the video encoder output,thereby adapting the video transcoding system to the network environmentin which it is employed.

Various types of rate control algorithms have been developed forcontrolling the output bitrate of video encoders. For example, modelbased adaptive rate control algorithms that can adapt to the dynamiccharacteristics of video streams have been employed in standalone videoencoders to produce encoded video sequences of good quality. However,using such conventional model based adaptive rate control algorithms invideo transcoding systems can sometimes have a detrimental effect onvideo quality because the characteristics of the decoded video streamreceived as input by the video encoder within the video transcodingsystem are generally different from the characteristics of the inputvideo frames received by the standalone video encoder. Such differencesin the characteristics of the decoded video stream generated within thevideo transcoding system may cause conventional rate control algorithmsto make inefficient allocations of bits across the video stream. Forexample, in the video transcoding system, too many bits might beallocated to some video frames, leaving too few bits for encoding theremaining video frames, thereby causing “blocky” or “blurry” video inthose frames that were allocated an insufficient number of bits.Moreover, those frames that were encoded using too many bits may requirean inordinate amount of time to be transmitted through a constantbitrate network, resulting in, for example, poor lip synchronization ofthe video and audio signals at the endpoint device.

It would therefore be desirable to have an improved rate controlalgorithm for use in a video transcoding system that avoids one or moreof the drawbacks of conventional rate control algorithms.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present application, a video transcoding systemand method is provided that employs an improved rate control algorithm.In the presently disclosed embodiment, the improved rate controlalgorithm is a model based adaptive bitrate control algorithmincorporating a rate estimation model that uses information derived froma decoded input video bitstream for better characterizing the inputbitstream when performing the rate control function. The rate estimationmodel incorporated within the model based adaptive bitrate controlalgorithm also adapts to the local characteristics of a video sequenceprovided as input to the video transcoding system.

In one embodiment, the video transcoding system employing the modelbased adaptive bitrate control algorithm includes a depacketizer, avideo decoder buffer, a video decoder, an intermediate video datagenerator, a video encoder, and a video encoder buffer. The depacketizerreceives a video packet sequence as input, converts the video packetsequence into a plurality of video frames compressed according to afirst coding format, and provides the plurality of video frames to thevideo decoder buffer. The video decoder reads a series of video framesin the first coding format from the decoder buffer, decodes the videoframes, and provides the decoded video frames to the intermediate videodata generator. For example, the intermediate video data generator maybe a YUV data generator or any other suitable type of data generator.The intermediate video data generator generates intermediate video datasuch as YUV data from the decoded video frames, extracts informationfrom the decoded video frames (such as the number of bits in therespective frames, the average quantization parameter for the respectiveframes, and the decoder type), and provides the intermediate video dataand the extracted information to the video encoder. The video encoderincludes at least one processor operative to execute at least oneprogram out of at least one memory to analyze the respective frames, toperform the rate control function, and to encode the video frames inaccordance with a second coding format.

In an exemplary embodiment, the processor within the video encoderperforms motion estimation on the intermediate video data includingcalculating the motion compensated sum of absolute differences for eachframe in the series of video frames, detects scene changes using thecalculated motion compensated sum of absolute differences, anddetermines an appropriate size of a group of pictures (GOP) within theseries of video frames based at least in part on the detected scenechanges. Next, the video encoder processor processes the intermediatevideo data using a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to produce aplurality of DCT coefficients, including a number of non-zero DCTcoefficients. Both the information extracted from the decoded videoframes and the number of non-zero DCT coefficients provide indicationsof the spatiotemporal complexity of the respective pictures. Whenperforming the rate control function, the video encoder processoremploys the information extracted from the decoded frames, thecalculated motion compensated sum of absolute differences for theframes, and the non-zero DCT coefficients in the rate estimation modelto obtain an estimate of the number of bits to allocate for encodingeach picture in a current GOP, and to calculate the quantizationparameters to be used for encoding the respective pictures. The videoencoder processor then implements the rate control function by executingthe model based adaptive bitrate control algorithm.

In one mode of operation, the processor within the video encoderexecutes the model based adaptive bitrate control algorithm to calculatethe number of bits to allocate for each picture in the current GOP basedat least in part on the number of bits available to encode all of thepictures in the current GOP, and the number of pictures that have notyet been encoded in the current GOP. Next, a cost, referred to herein asthe “picture cost”, is calculated for the respective picture using thecalculated number of bits and a model parameter for the rate estimationmodel. A target number of non-zero DCT coefficients is then calculatedusing the picture cost, the calculated motion compensated sum ofabsolute differences for the frame, and the information extracted fromthe decoded frame, namely, the number of bits in the respective frames,the average quantization parameter for the respective frames, and thedecoder type. Next, a first estimate of the quantization parameter (QP)to use for encoding the frame according to the second coding format isdetermined, the DCT coefficients are quantized using the first estimatedQP, and the resulting number of non-zero DCT coefficients are counted. Asecond estimate of the quantization parameter is then determined basedon whether or not the number of non-zero DCT coefficients exceeds thetarget number of non-zero DCT coefficients. Further, the DCTcoefficients are quantized again using the second estimated QP, and thenumber of non-zero DCT coefficients resulting from the quantizationusing the second estimated QP are counted. Next, a curve fittingtechnique is performed to obtain an expression for the non-zero DCTcoefficients as a function of QP. The function obtained using the curvefitting technique is then employed to calculate a final QP, which issubsequently used to generate a number of non-zero DCT coefficients forthe picture that is approximately equal to the target number of non-zeroDCT coefficients. Next, the respective picture is encoded according tothe second coding format using the final QP, the model parameter isupdated based on the actual number of bits used for encoding therespective picture and the picture cost, and the encoded picture isprovided to the video encoder buffer. The encoded pictures in thecurrent GOP can then be read from the video encoder buffer as part of anoutput video bitstream.

According to one aspect of the model based adaptive bitrate controlalgorithm, a decision can be made to skip at least the current frame ifit is determined that there are not enough bits available to encode therespective frame in accordance with an acceptable quality level. Thisaspect of the bitrate control algorithm allows the video encoder toachieve a specified bitrate while avoiding overflow of the video encoderbuffer.

According to another aspect of the model based adaptive bitrate controlalgorithm, a specified bitrate constraint can be satisfied by requiringthe video encoder buffer to avoid an overflow condition, and furtherrequiring the number of bits allocated for encoding each picture in agroup of pictures to be less than a specified maximum number of bits. Bymeeting the constraint of the specified maximum number of bits,synchronization between video and audio data at the endpoint device isassured.

By providing a video transcoding system that employs a model basedadaptive bitrate control algorithm that uses information derived from adecoded input video bitstream for better characterizing the inputbitstream when performing the rate control function, increased accuracyin bitrate control can be achieved. As a result, the video transcodingsystem can produce a high quality video output that substantiallyeliminates “blocky” or “blurry” video from the output video bit stream,while maintaining synchronization between the audio and video data atthe endpoint device.

Other features, functions, and aspects of the invention will be evidentfrom the Detailed Description of the Invention that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be more fully understood with reference to thefollowing Detailed Description of the Invention in conjunction with thedrawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary video transcoding systemaccording to the present application;

FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of an exemplary video encoderincluded in the exemplary video transcoding system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 a is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of performing ratecontrol within the exemplary video transcoding system of FIG. 1according to the present application;

FIG. 3 b is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of making a frame skippattern decision within the exemplary method of FIG. 3 a;

FIG. 3 c is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of detecting a scenechange within the exemplary method of FIG. 3 a; and

FIGS. 4 a and 4 b are diagrams depicting the number of bits generated byencoding the frames of a video sequence and the corresponding videoencoder buffer status, respectively, for the exemplary video transcodingsystem of FIG. 1 configured to satisfy a specified bitrate constraintrequirement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A video transcoding system and method is disclosed that employs animproved rate control algorithm. The presently disclosed videotranscoding system employs a model based adaptive bitrate controlalgorithm that uses information derived from an input video bitstreamprovided to the video transcoding system for better characterizing thevideo sequence provided to the video encoder when performing the ratecontrol function. Such improved characterization of the input videobitstream allows the video transcoding system to control the outputbitrate with increased accuracy, thereby allowing a high quality videooutput to be produced in which “blocky” or “blurry” video issubstantially eliminated from the output video bit stream, andsynchronization of audio and video data is well maintained at theendpoint device.

FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative embodiment of a video transcoding system100, in accordance with the present application. In the illustratedembodiment, the video transcoding system 100 includes a depacketizer102, a video decoder buffer 104, a video decoder 106, an intermediatevideo data generator 108, a video encoder 110, and a video encoderbuffer 112. The depacketizer 102 is operative to receive an input videobitstream including a video packet sequence, to convert the video packetsequence into a plurality of video frame bitstreams compressed accordingto a first coding format, and to provide the plurality of video framebitstreams to the video decoder buffer 104 for temporary storage. Thevideo decoder 106 is operative to read a series of video framebitstreams in the first coding format from the decoder buffer 104, todecode the video frame bitstreams, and to provide the decoded videoframe bitstreams to the intermediate video data generator 108. Forexample, the intermediate video data generator 108 may be a YUV datagenerator or any other suitable type of video data generator. Theintermediate video data generator 108 is operative to generateintermediate video data such as YUV data from the series of decodedvideo frame bitstreams, to extract information from the decoded framebitstreams such as the number of bits in the respective frames, theaverage quantization parameter for the respective frames, and thedecoder type, and to provide the intermediate video data and theinformation extracted from the decoded frame bitstreams to the videoencoder 110. The video encoder 110 includes at least one processoroperative to execute at least one program out of at least one memory toperform a frame analysis function on the intermediate video data, toperform the rate control function, and to encode the video framebitstreams according to a second coding format.

FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative embodiment of the video encoder 110included in the video transcoding system 100 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG.2, the video encoder 110 includes a frame analyzer 202, a video encoder208, and a rate controller 210 operative to perform the rate controlfunction. In the illustrated embodiment, the rate control functionincludes a bit allocation function 212, a quantization parameter (QP)estimation function 214, a “frame skip pattern decision” function 216, arate control (RC) update function 218, and a rate estimation modelfunction 220. Moreover, the frame analyzer 202 includes a motionestimation processor 204 and a discrete cosine transform (DCT) processor206. The motion estimation processor 204 is operative to perform motionestimation on the intermediate video data, including calculating amotion compensated sum of absolute differences (MC_SADs) for each framein the series of video frames, and to detect scene changes using thecalculated MC_SAD values. In one embodiment, the video encoder 110 isoperative to determine the size of a group of pictures (GOP) within theseries of video frames based at least in part on the detected scenechanges. The DCT processor 206 is operative to process the intermediatevideo data using the discrete cosine transform to produce a plurality ofDCT coefficients, including a number of non-zero DCT coefficients. Boththe information extracted from the decoded video frames and the numberof non-zero DCT coefficients provide indications of the spatiotemporalcomplexity of the respective pictures. When performing the rate controlfunction, the rate controller 210 employs, within the rate estimationmodel, the information extracted from the decoded video frames, thecalculated MC_SAD values, and the non-zero quantized DCT coefficients toobtain an estimate of the number of bits to allocate for encoding eachpicture in a current GOP, and to calculate the quantization parametersto be used for encoding the respective pictures. The rate controller 210then implements the rate control function by executing the model basedadaptive bitrate control algorithm.

In an illustrative mode of operation, the rate controller 210 isoperative to execute the model based adaptive bitrate control algorithmas follows. First, the bit allocation function 212 is performed tocalculate the estimated number of bits to allocate for each picture inthe current group of pictures based at least in part on the number ofbits available to encode all of the pictures in the current GOP, and thenumber of pictures that have not yet been encoded in the current GOP.The QP estimation function 214 is then performed to calculate a cost,referred to herein as the “picture cost”, for the respective pictureusing the estimated number of bits and a model parameter used in therate estimation model. Next, the QP estimation function 214 calculates atarget number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients for the respectivepicture using the picture cost, the MC_SAD values for the correspondingframe, and the information extracted from the decoded frames, namely,the number of bits in the respective frames, the average quantizationparameter for the respective frames, and the decoder type. The QPestimation function 214 then determines a first estimate of thequantization parameter (QP_(first)) for encoding the correspondingframe, quantizes the DCT coefficients using the first quantizationparameter QP_(first), and counts the number of non-zero quantized DCTcoefficients. Next, the QP estimation function 214 determines at leastone second estimate of the quantization parameter (QP_(second)) based onwhether or not the non-zero quantized DCT coefficient count exceeds thetarget non-zero DCT coefficient count. Further, the QP estimationfunction 214 quantizes the DCT coefficients using the secondquantization parameter QP_(second), and counts the number of non-zeroquantized DCT coefficients resulting from the quantization with thesecond quantization parameter QP_(second). The QP estimation function214 is then performed to implement a curve fitting technique to obtainan expression for the number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients as afunction of QP. Next, the QP estimation function 214 employs thisfunction to calculate a final QP, which is subsequently used to generatea number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients for the picture that isapproximately equal to the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients.In addition, the frame skip pattern decision function 216 is performedto decide whether or not to skip at least the current frame if it isdetermined that there are not enough bits available to encode therespective frame in accordance with an acceptable quality level, therebyallowing the video encoder to achieve a specified bitrate while avoidingoverflow of the video encoder buffer 112. The encoder 208 then encodesthe corresponding frame according to the second coding format using thefinal QP. Next, the RC update function 218 is performed to update themodel parameter used in the rate estimation model function 220 based atleast in part on the actual number of bits used for encoding therespective frame and the picture cost C_(bits). Further, the videoencoder 110 provides the encoded frame to the video encoder buffer 112.The encoded frames corresponding to the pictures in the current GOP canthen be read from the video encoder buffer 112 as part of an outputvideo bitstream.

An illustrative method of performing rate control within the videotranscoding system 100 is described below and with reference to FIGS. 3a, 3 b, and 3 c. It is noted that the illustrative method of FIGS. 3 a,3 b, and 3 c is particularly suited for use in transcoding a first videosequence compressed according to the H.263 coding format into a secondvideo sequence compressed according to the MPEG-4 coding format, andvice versa. Further, the method of FIGS. 3 a, 3 b, and 3 c is describedwith reference to an MPEG-4 video encoder with I, P, and B pictures in aGOP structure. It should be understood, however, that the method ofFIGS. 3 a, 3 b, and 3 c may be practiced using any other suitable videoencoding standards.

As depicted in step 302 (see FIG. 3 a), a series of video frames in thefirst video bitstream, compressed according to the H.263 coding format,are decoded. Information is also extracted from the decoded frames,including the number of bits in the respective frames (bits_frame), theaverage quantization parameter for the respective frames (QP_avg),and/or the decoder type (codec_type). Next, motion estimation isperformed on the decoded video frames, including calculating a motioncompensated sum of absolute differences (MC_SADs) for each frame, asdepicted in step 304. Using the calculated MC_SAD values, scene changesare then detected in the decoded video frames, as depicted in step 306.

In one embodiment, a scene change is indicated within the videotranscoding system 100 by setting a flag (scene_change_flag), as shownin FIG. 3 b. Specifically, the motion estimation performed in step 304generates, in addition to the MC_SAD values, mean values of pixel datafor the respective frames (frame mean), an indication of the frame type(I, P, or B), and time information such as the time of the current videoframe to be displayed, as further shown in FIG. 3 b. Adaptive thresholdsfor the frame mean (threshold_mean) and the MC_SAD values(threshold_mc_sad) are then determined using the frame type and timeinformation, as depicted in step 332. Next, a determination is made asto whether the difference between the mean value of pixel data for thecurrent video frame and the mean value of pixel data for a predeterminedreference frame exceeds the threshold_mean, as depicted in step 334. Ifthe difference between the mean value of pixel data for the currentvideo frame and the mean value of pixel data for the predeterminedreference frame exceeds the threshold_mean, then the scene_change_flagis set to the logical value “1”, which is provided to a logical ANDoperation node 337. Otherwise, the scene_change_flag is reset to thelogical value “0”. Moreover, another determination is made as to whetherthe calculated MC_SAD value for the current frame exceedsthreshold_mc_sad, as depicted in step 336. If the calculated MC_SADvalue for the current frame exceeds threshold_mc_sad, then thescene_change_flag is set to the logical value “1”, which is provided tothe logical AND operation node 337. Otherwise, the scene_change_flag isreset to the logical value “0”. The two logical values generated insteps 334 and 336 are then operated on within the logical AND operationnode 337, which outputs the “final” scene_change_flag as the logical ANDof the two logical values. In one embodiment, the size of a group ofpictures (GOP) within the series of video frames is determined based atleast in part on the scene changes detected in step 306.

It is noted that the technique described above for detecting scenechanges combines frame mean differences and MC_SAD values for moreeffectively detecting new scenes. Moreover, the threshold_mean andthreshold_mc_sad are set adaptively depending on the distance from thepredetermined reference frame to the current video frame. Specifically,each threshold is weighted by the distance from the reference frame tothe current frame, which is measured using the time information for therespective frame. The threshold becomes larger with a larger timedifference since the time difference between two frames is usuallylarger if the frames are farther away from each other in a videosequence. Each threshold is also weighted by the location of the currentframe in the current GOP. It is noted that the threshold becomes largerwhen the distance from the current frame to the I frame in the currentGOP is decreased to avoid small GOPs.

Next, the decoded video frame data is processed using the discretecosine transform (DCT) to produce a plurality of DCT coefficients,including a number of non-zero DCT coefficients, as depicted in step308. The DCT coefficients and the information extracted from the decodedvideo frames are then provided to the rate control function 309, whichexecutes the model based adaptive bitrate control algorithm.Specifically, the estimated number of bits to allocate (bits_allocatedor B_(est)) for encoding the current video frame is calculated, asdepicted in step 310, using the following expression:

$\begin{matrix}{{{bits\_ allocated} = \frac{{remaining\_ bits}{\_ currGOP}}{\begin{matrix}{{remaining\_ frames}{\_ currGOP} \times} \\\left( {1 - {{skip\_ frame}{\_ ratio}}} \right)\end{matrix}}},} & (1)\end{matrix}$in which “remaining_bits_currGOP” represents the number of bits that areavailable to encode all of the frames in the current GOP,“remaining_frames_currGOP” represents the number of frames that are notyet encoded in the current GOP, and “skip_frame_ratio” represents avalue calculated by the frame skip pattern decision function, which isperformed to determine whether or not to skip at least the current frameif there are not enough bits available to encode the current frame inaccordance with an acceptable quality level. It is noted that it may benecessary to skip one or more frames during the video encoding processto satisfy the requirements of a constant bitrate network. Such framesare referred to herein as “skipped_frames”. Further, in the context ofthe frame skip pattern decision function, a “skip_pattern_index” and a“skip_frame_ratio” are defined. In one embodiment, four skip patternindices are employed and defined as follows.

-   -   skip_pattern_index “0”: Encode all of the video frames.    -   skip_pattern_index “1”: Skip every 3^(rd) frame.    -   skip_pattern_index “2”: Skip every other frame.    -   skip_pattern_index “3”: Skip 2 out of 3 frames.        Moreover, the skip frame ratios for the four skip pattern        indices defined above are 0, ⅓, ½, and ⅔, respectively. The        frame skip pattern decision function is discussed in further        detail below.

Next, the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients (nz_count_target)for the current video frame is calculated, as depicted in step 312,using the following expressions:B _(est) =w·C _(bits)   (2-1)C _(bits) =nz_count_target+α·MC_SAD+f(bits_frame, QP_avg, codec_type)  (2-2)nz_count_target=C _(bits) −{α·MC_SAD+f(bits_frame, QP_avg, codec_type)},  (2-3)in which equation (2-1) is the rate estimation model,

${C_{bits} = \frac{B_{est}}{w}},$“w” is a model parameter used in the rate estimation model, “α” is aconstant, “MC_SAD” represents the motion compensated sum of absolutedifferences for the current frame, and “bits_frame”, “QP_avg”, and“codec_type” represent the information extracted from the decoded frame,namely, the number of bits in the respective frames (bits_frame), theaverage quantization parameter for the respective frames (QP_avg), andthe decoder type (codec_type). More specifically, bits_frame and QP_avgrepresent, respectively, the number of bits and the average QP collectedfrom the input bitstream to the video decoder 106 of type codec_type.The function “f(bits_frame, QP_avg, codec_type)”, in effect, informs thevideo encoder 110 of the complexity of the current frame. In oneembodiment, for an H.263 to MPEG4 video transcoding system, α is set to0.2, and w is initialized to 6.0 (w_(init)).

A plurality of estimates are then calculated of the quantizationparameter (QP) that, when used to encode the current video frame, wouldgenerate the number of bits allocated in step 310. Specifically, a firstestimate of the quantization parameter (QP_(first)) for encoding thecurrent frame is calculated, and the DCT coefficients are quantizedusing the first quantization parameter QP_(first), as depicted in step314. The first quantization parameter QP_(first) is calculated using thefollowing expressions:QP _(first)=2·γ·C _(estim)/(δ+(δ²+4·γ·bits_allocated)^(1/2)   (3-1)C _(estim) =α·MC_SAD+f(bits_frame, QP_avg, codec_type),   (3-2)in which “C_(estim)” is the estimated picture cost, and “γ” and “δ” areconstants that can be determined empirically. In one embodiment, γ and δare set to 0.001865 and 0.1332, respectively. The number of non-zeroquantized DCT coefficients, nz_count(QP_(first)), are then counted.

As depicted in step 316, a second estimate of the quantization parameter(QP_(second)) for encoding the current frame is then calculated, and theDCT coefficients are quantized using the second quantization parameterQP_(second). The second quantization parameter, QP_(second), iscalculated using the following expressions:QP _(second) =QP _(first)+4, if nz_count(QP _(first))>nz_count_target  (4-1)QP _(second) =QP _(first)−4, otherwise   (4-2)The number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients,nz_count(QP_(second)), are then counted.

Next, a curve fitting technique is employed to obtain an expression forthe number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients as a function of QP,using nz_count(QP_(first)) and nz_count(QP_(second)), as depicted instep 318. For example, the curve fitting technique may be performedusing the piecewise linear approximation method or any other suitablecurve fitting technique. Using the function nz_count(QP) obtained instep 318, a “final” QP is then calculated, as depicted in step 320. WhenDCT coefficients are subsequently quantized using this final QP, thenumber of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients generated for the currentframe is expected to be approximately equal to the target number ofnon-zero DCT coefficients, nz_count_target.

As depicted in step 322, the frame skip pattern decision function isthen performed to decide whether or not to skip at least the currentvideo frame in the event it is determined that there are not enough bitsavailable to encode the respective frame to an acceptable quality level.The frame skip pattern decision function causes the skip_pattern_indexto be adjusted up or down if the QP used to encode the current frame issignificantly different from the QP used to encode the previous frame ofthe same type (prev_QP). Specifically, the difference (delta_QP) betweenthe final QP calculated in step 320 and the prev_QP is calculated, asdepicted in step 340 (see FIG. 3 c). Next, determinations are made as towhether delta_QP is less than a first predetermined threshold(thr_decrease), and whether the current skip_pattern_index is greaterthan 0, as depicted in step 342. In one embodiment, thr_decrease is setto −3. If delta_QP is less than the first predetermined threshold(thr_decrease) and the current skip_pattern_index is greater than 0,then the skip_pattern_index is decremented, as depicted in step 346.Otherwise, further determinations are made as to whether delta_QPexceeds a second predetermined threshold (thr_increase), and whether thecurrent skip_pattern_index is less than 3, as depicted in step 344. Inone embodiment, thr_increase is set to 4. If delta_QP exceeds the secondpredetermined threshold (thr_increase) and the currentskip_pattern_index is less than 3, then the skip_pattern_index isincremented, as depicted in step 348. Otherwise, the method continues tostep 328. Next, a determination is made as to whether the current frameis to be skipped based on the current skip_pattern_index 0, 1, 2, or 3.If the current frame is to be skipped based on the currentskip_pattern_index 0, 1, 2, or 3, then the “skip_flag” is set. It isnoted that if the skip_pattern_index is adjusted (incremented ordecremented), then the method loops back to step 320 to calculate a newfinal QP, since a change in the skip_pattern_index will result in achange in the number of bits allocated for encoding the current frame.Otherwise, if the skip_pattern_index remains unchanged, then the methodproceeds from step 322 to step 328.

Next, a determination is made, as depicted in step 324, as to whether ornot to skip the current video frame, based on the setting of theskip_flag. If the skip_flag indicates that the current frame is to beskipped, then the method proceeds to step 326. Otherwise, the currentframe is encoded according to the MPEG-4 coding format using the finalQP, as depicted in step 325, and an indication of the actual number ofbits used for encoding the current frame (B_(actual)) is provided to therate control function 309. The encoded frame is then provided to thevideo encoder buffer for temporary storage, as depicted in step 326, andthe buffer status (buffer_status), which indicates how many bits arestill stored in the video encoder buffer and waiting to be transmittedover the constant bitrate network, is provided to the rate controlfunction 309.

As depicted in step 328, after the current video frame is encoded, themodel parameter w used in the rate estimation model is updated using thefollowing expression:w=β·w+(1−β)·(B _(actual) /C _(bits)),   (5)in which “B_(actual)” is the actual number of bits used for encoding theframe, “C_(bits)” is the actual picture cost calculated using equation(2-2) above and the actual non-zero quantized DCT coefficient count(nz_count), and “β” is a weighting factor. In one embodiment, β is setto 0.5 if the difference between the average picture cost of thepreviously encoded frames and the actual picture cost of the currentframe is less than 30%; otherwise, β is set to 0.3. However, if thecurrent frame is the first frame in a video sequence, then β is set to0.1. The encoded frames in the current GOP can then be read from thevideo encoder buffer as part of an output video bitstream, as depictedin step 326.

It was described above that the frame skip pattern decision function isperformed within the presently disclosed video transcoding system todecide whether or not to skip at least the current frame in the eventthere are insufficient bits available to encode the respective frame toan acceptable quality level, thereby allowing the system to achieve aspecified bitrate while avoiding overflow of the video encoder buffer.In one embodiment, a specified bitrate constraint can be satisfied byrequiring the video encoder buffer to avoid an overflow condition, andrequiring the number of bits allocated for encoding each picture in agroup of pictures to be less than a specified maximum number of bits.

FIGS. 4 a and 4 b are diagrams depicting the number of bits in theframes (bits_frame) of a video sequence and the corresponding videoencoder buffer status, respectively, for an exemplary video transcodingsystem implemented as an H.263 to MPEG-4 transcoder, in which the targetbitrate is 42 Kbits/sec, the size of the video encoder buffer is 42Kbits (1 second), and the specified maximum bits_frame is 12,600. Asshown in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the rate control algorithm executed withinthis exemplary system meets the specified bitrate constraint withoutexceeding the maximum specified bits_frame (see FIG. 4 a), and withoutcausing the video encoder buffer to overflow (see FIG. 4 b).

Having described the above illustrative embodiments of the presentlydisclosed video transcoding system and method, other alternativeembodiments or variations may be made. For example, in an alternativeembodiment, the rate estimation model employed by the model basedadaptive bitrate control algorithm may be adapted to provide slice layerrate control or macroblock layer rate control.

It is noted that the operations performed by the above-describedillustrative embodiments are purely exemplary and imply no particularorder. Further, these operations can be used in any sequence whenappropriate and/or can be partially used. With the above embodiments inmind, it should be understood that the above-described system and methodcan employ various computer-implemented operations involving data storedin computer systems. These operations are those requiring physicalmanipulation of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or opticalsignals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, orotherwise manipulated.

Moreover, any of the operations described herein that form part of theabove-described system and method are useful machine operations. Thepresently disclosed system relates to a device or apparatus forperforming these operations. The device or apparatus can be speciallyconstructed for the required purpose, or can be a general-purposecomputer selectively activated or configured by a computer programstored in the computer. In particular, various general-purpose machinescan be used with computer programs written in accordance with theteachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a morespecialized apparatus to perform the required operations.

The above-described system and method can be embodied at least in partas computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computerreadable medium is any data storage device that can store data, whichcan thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of a computerreadable medium include hard drives, read-only memory, random-accessmemory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, magnetic tapes, and other optical andnon-optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can alsobe distributed over a network-coupled computer system so that thecomputer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art thatfurther modifications to and variations of the above-described bitratecontrol algorithm for video transcoding systems may be made withoutdeparting from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Accordingly, theinvention should not be viewed as limited except as by the scope andspirit of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of performing rate control in a video transcoding system, comprising the steps of: receiving, by the video transcoding system, an input video bitstream including a plurality of frames in an input video sequence, wherein each frame in the input video bitstream is in a first coding format; for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video bitstream: decoding the respective frame using a predetermined type of video decoder; obtaining complexity information indicative of the complexity of the respective frame after decoding, the complexity information including a number of bits used by the respective frame, an average quantization parameter (QP_(avg)) used to encode the respective frame, and an indication of the predetermined type of video decoder used in the decoding of the respective frame; in a first calculating step, calculating an estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame; in a second calculating step, calculating, using a rate estimation model, a picture cost for the respective frame based on the estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame, and a model parameter for the rate estimation model; in a third calculating step, calculating a target number of non-zero discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients for the respective frame based at least in part on the picture cost for the respective frame, and the complexity information obtained for the respective frame after decoding; in a fourth calculating step, calculating a quantization parameter (QP) that, when used to quantize the plurality of DCT coefficients, a number of non-zero quantized coefficients approximately equal to the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients is generated; and encoding the respective frame using the calculated QP; and providing the respective frames encoded in the second coding format in an output video bitstream.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: for each of at least some of the respective frames encoded in the second coding format: determining an actual number of bits allocated for the respective frame; determining an actual cost for the respective frame; and updating the model parameter based at least in part on the actual number of bits used in encoding the respective frame and the actual cost for the respective frame.
 3. The method of claim 2: further comprising, for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video sequence, calculating a motion compensated sum of absolute difference (MC_SAD) value for the respective frame; and wherein, in the third calculating step, calculating the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients is based at least in part on the picture cost for the respective frame, the calculated MC_SAD for the respective frame, and the complexity information obtained for the respective frame after decoding.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein, in the fourth calculating step, the calculating of the QP includes: determining a first estimated QP for encoding the respective frame in the second coding format; and quantizing the plurality of DCT coefficients for the respective frame using the first estimated QP, the quantized plurality of DCT coefficients including a first number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein, in the fourth calculating step, the calculating of the QP further includes: determining a second estimated QP for encoding the respective frame in the second coding format, based on whether the first number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients exceeds the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients; and quantizing the plurality of DCT coefficients for the respective frame using the second estimated QP, the quantized plurality of DCT coefficients including a second number of non-zero quantized DCT coefficients.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein, in the fourth calculating step, the calculating of the QP further includes: obtaining an expression for the non-zero quantized DCT coefficients as a function of QP; and determining a final QP for encoding the respective frame in the second coding format using the expression for the non-zero quantized DCT coefficients as the function of QP.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the obtaining of the expression for the non-zero quantized DCT coefficients as the function of QP includes performing a curve fitting technique.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the performing of the curve fitting technique includes performing a piecewise linear approximation technique.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the encoding of the respective frame includes encoding the respective frame in the second coding format using the final QP.
 10. The method of claim 3 further comprising detecting at least one scene change in the respective frames after decoding.
 11. The method of claim 10: wherein the calculating of the MC_SAD value for the respective frame includes generating a frame mean value of pixel data for the respective frame, an indication of a frame type, and time information including a time of the respective frame to be displayed; and wherein the detecting of the at least one scene change includes determining, using the frame type and the time information, a first adaptive threshold for the frame mean and a second adaptive threshold for the MC_SAD values.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the detecting of the at least one scene change further includes: determining whether a difference between the frame mean value for the respective frame and the frame mean value for a specified reference frame exceeds the first adaptive threshold; in the event the difference between the frame mean value for the respective frame and the frame mean value for the specified reference frame exceeds the first adaptive threshold, setting a first scene change flag; and otherwise, resetting the first scene change flag.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the detecting of the at least one scene change further includes: determining whether the calculated MC_SAD value for the respective frame exceeds the second adaptive threshold; in the event the calculated MC_SAD value for the respective frame exceeds the second adaptive threshold, setting a second scene change flag; and otherwise, resetting the second scene change flag.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the detecting of the at least one scene change further includes: performing a logical AND operation on the first and second scene change flags to obtain a final scene change flag.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising determining a size of a group of pictures (GOP) within the input video bitstream based at least in part on a value of the final scene change flag.
 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising: for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video sequence: determining whether enough bits are available to encode the respective frame in the second coding format in accordance with an acceptable quality level; and in the event not enough bits are available to encode the respective frame in the second coding format in accordance with the acceptable quality level, skipping at least the respective frame.
 17. A method of performing rate control in a video transcoding system, comprising the steps of: receiving, by the video transcoding system, an input video bitstream including a plurality of frames in an input video sequence, wherein each frame in the input video bitstream is in a first coding format; for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video bitstream: decoding the respective frame; obtaining complexity information indicative of the complexity of the respective frame after decoding; in a first calculating step, calculating an estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame; in a second calculating step, calculating, using a rate estimation model, a picture cost for the respective frame based on the estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame, and a model parameter for the rate estimation model; in a third calculating step, calculating a target cost for the respective frame based at least in part on the picture cost for the respective frame, and the complexity information obtained for the respective frame after decoding; in a fourth calculating step, calculating a quantization parameter (QP) that, when used to encode the respective frame in a second coding format, would generate an encoded frame having an actual cost approximately equal to the target cost; and encoding the respective frame using the calculated QP; for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video sequence: determining whether enough bits are available to encode the respective frame in the second coding format in accordance with an acceptable quality level; and in the event not enough bits are available to encode the respective frame in the second coding format in accordance with the acceptable quality level: calculating a difference between the calculated QP and a QP used in encoding a previous frame; and skipping the respective frame based at least in part on whether the difference between the calculated QP and the QP used in encoding the previous frame is less than a first predetermined threshold value, and whether a skip pattern index value is greater than a first predetermined index value; and in the event at least one of the plurality of frames has not been skipped, providing, in an output video bitstream, the at least one of the plurality of frames encoded in the second coding format.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first predetermined index value is equal to 0, and wherein the skip pattern index value is equal to one of: the first predetermined index value, indicating that all of the frames in the input video bitstream are to be encoded; 1, indicating that every 3^(rd) frame is to be skipped; 2, indicating that every other frame is to be skipped; and 3, indicating that 2 out of 3 frames are to be skipped.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first predetermined index value is equal to 0, and wherein the skipping of the respective frame further includes: in the event the difference between the calculated QP and the QP used in encoding the previous frame is less than the first predetermined threshold value, and the skip pattern index value is greater than the first predetermined index value, decrementing the skip pattern index value by
 1. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the skipping of the respective frame further includes: in the event the difference between the calculated QP and the QP used in encoding the previous frame is not less than the first predetermined threshold value, or the skip pattern index value is not greater than the first predetermined index value: determining whether the difference between the calculated QP and the QP used in encoding the previous frame exceeds a second predetermined threshold value; and determining whether the skip pattern index value is less than a second predetermined index value.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the skipping of the respective frame further includes: in the event the difference between the calculated QP and the QP used in encoding the previous frame exceeds the second predetermined threshold value, and the skip pattern index value is less than the second predetermined index value, incrementing the skip pattern index value by
 1. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the skipping of the respective frame further includes: in the event the skip pattern index value indicates that at least the respective frame is to be skipped, skipping at least the respective frame.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the skipping of the respective frame further includes: in the event the skip pattern index value has been decremented or incremented, performing the fourth calculating step to recalculate the QP.
 24. A video transcoding system, comprising: a video decoder of a predetermined type operative to receive a video bitstream including a plurality of frames in a video sequence, each frame in the input video bitstream being in a first coding format, and, for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video bitstream, to decode the respective frame; an intermediate video data generator operative, for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video bitstream, to obtain complexity information indicative of the complexity of the respective frame after decoding, the complexity information including a number of bits used by the respective frame, an average quantization parameter (QP_(avg)) used to encode the respective frame, and an indication of the predetermined type of the video decoder used to decode the respective frame; and a video encoder including at least one processor operative to execute at least one program out of at least one memory: for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video sequence: to calculate an estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame; using a rate estimation model, to calculate a picture cost for the respective frame based on the estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame, and a model parameter for the rate estimation model; to calculate a target number of non-zero DCT coefficients for the respective frame based at least in part on the picture cost for the respective frame, and the complexity information obtained for the respective frame after decoding; to calculate a quantization parameter (QP) that, when used to quantize the plurality of DCT coefficients, a number of non-zero quantized coefficients approximately equal to the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients is generated; and to encode the respective frame using the calculated QP; and to provide the respective frames encoded in the second coding format in an output video bitstream.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the at least one processor contained in the video encoder is further operative to execute the at least one program out of the at least one memory: for each of at least some of the respective frames encoded in the second coding format: to determine an actual number of bits allocated for the respective frame; to determine an actual cost for the respective frame; and to update the model parameter based at least in part on the actual number of bits used in encoding the respective frame and the actual cost for the respective frame.
 26. A method of performing rate control in a video transcoding system, comprising the steps of: receiving, by the video transcoding system, an input video bitstream including a plurality of frames in a video sequence; and for each of at least some of the plurality of frames in the input video bitstream: obtaining complexity information indicative of the complexity of the respective frame, the complexity information including a number of bits used by the respective frame, an average quantization parameter (QP_(avg)) used to encode the respective frame, and an indication of a predetermined type of video decoder used in decoding the respective frame; calculating an estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame; calculating a picture cost for the respective frame based at least in part on the estimated number of bits to allocate for the respective frame; calculating a target number of non-zero DCT coefficients for the respective frame based at least in part on the picture cost for the respective frame, and the complexity information obtained for the respective frame; calculating a quantization parameter (QP) that, when used to quantize the plurality of DCT coefficients, a number of non-zero quantized coefficients approximately equal to the target number of non-zero DCT coefficients is generated; and encoding the respective frame using the calculated QP. 